How would problems in the collecting ducts of the nephrons cause kidney failure? Why would problems with the kidneys result in blood in the urine and high blood pressure? Section 2. Section 3. Improved Coverage of the Genetics of 1 Human Disease 2 Throughout the book, the genetic basis of human diseases such as Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and Huntington 3 disease is identified and discussed. Many of these conditions are now the focus of the chapter openers, in which the relationship between genetics and some of the more common human diseases is presented.
Section 4. As with the chapter-opening material in previous editions, all case studies have a human focus and lead the students into the chapter in an engaging way. For the twelfth edition, many of the case studies include discussions of medical procedures and the genetic basis of human disease.
Also, several questions have been added to each case study to integrate the topic of the case study with the material in the chapter. These questions may be assigned by the instructor to assess student understanding of the topic or to facilitate classroom discussions. Each case study is concluded at the end of the chapter to further integrate the chapter concepts, and many of the Thinking Critically About the Concepts questions at the end of the chapter combine case study concepts with chapter content.
Students are challenged to thoughtfully integrate these ideas, and the answers to the questions are given in Appendix B. Throughout the text, some common questions that are brought up in human biology classrooms are explored, including: Are tanning beds safe? Are stem cells only found in embryos? What is methylmercury and why is it dangerous? These pieces will help students relate the content of the text to their everyday lives and to many of the topics encountered in the media.
Connections and Misconceptions What causes cystic fibrosis? In , scientists determined that defects in a gene on chromosome 7 were the cause of cystic fibrosis CF. This gene, called CFTR cystic fibrosis conductance regulator , codes for a protein that is responsible for the movement of chloride ions across the membranes of cells that produce mucus, sweat, and saliva. Defects in this gene cause an improper water—salt balance in the excretions of these cells, which in turn leads to the symptoms of CF.
To date, there are over 1, known mutations in the CF gene. This tremendous amount of variation in this gene accounts for the differences in the severity of the disease in CF patients. At one time, an individual with CF rarely saw his or her twentieth birthday; now it is routine for people to live3into their 30s and 40s.
New treatments, such as gene therapy, are being explored for sufferers of CF. At work, she noticed that she was having trouble reading her e-mail. By the end of the day, she had a splitting headache. She kept telling herself that she had just been working too hard.
But even as she tried to remain calm, deep down she had a bad feeling. Within a few weeks, she was almost completely blind in one eye and the sensations in her feet felt muffled, like they were wrapped in gauze. Her doctor referred her to a neurologist, who immediately ordered a magnetic resonance imaging MRI scan of her brain and a series of somatosensory evoked potential SSEP tests to examine how her nervous system was processing electrical impulses.
The results indicated that Sarah had multiple sclerosis MS , which is an inflammatory disease. This disease affects the myelin sheaths, which wrap parts of some nerve cells like insulation around an electrical cord. As these sheaths deteriorate, the nerves no longer conduct impulses normally. For unknown reasons, multiple sclerosis often attacks the optic nerves first before proceeding to other areas of the brain. Unfortunately, there is no cure for MS, but most patients can control the symptoms with daily injections of medication.
C H A P T E R In the nervous system, reception of stimuli is associated with sensory neurons; integration is associated with interneurons; and motor output is associated with motor neurons.
All neurons use the same methods to transmit nerve impulses along neurons and across synapses. The brain is divided into portions, each with specific functions, and the spinal cord communicates with the brain. The spinal cord provides input to, and output from, the brain.
It gives emotional overtones to the activities of the brain, and is important in the processes of learning and memory. Cranial nerves project from the brain. The spinal cord gives rise to spinal nerves. Why would a deterioration of the myelin sheaths cause a nerve cell to function incorrectly? Why are many individuals who contract MS eventually confined to a wheelchair?
Research has supported the use of cranberry juice to prevent urinary tract infections. It appears to prevent bacteria that would cause infection from adhering to the surfaces of the urinary tracts. However, cranberry juice has not been shown to be an effective Video Cranberries treatment for an already existing urinary vs. Bacteria tract infection. Virtually every section of the textbook is now linked to MP3 files, animations of biological processes, National Geographic or ScienCentral videos.
MP3 Files. These 3- to 5-minute audio files not only serve as a review of the material in the chapter but also assist the student in the pronunciation of scientific terms. However, most daughter cells differentiate further, forming mature cells called end cells. Research using stem cells has remained a source of controversy since , when scientists discovered how to isolate and grow human stem cells in the laboratory.
There are primarily two different types of stem cells: embryonic and adult. Advantages and disadvantages exist for each type. Embryonic stem cells are derived from fertilized embryos at various stages of development.
Fertilized human ova stored in infertility clinics are often used as the source of embryonic stem cells. The use of these cells for research has sparked tremendous controversy, because many people believe these cells have the potential to become a human being. Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in various tissues, whosee purpose is to repair orr repla replace vari rious ous body tiss tis ues, whos wh place tissues.
Thee use of adult generally damaged dama amaged ged tissues a adul t stem cells is gene generall ly Figure 3B Stem cells as a potential cure for accepted. However, adult stem cells lack the flexibility of Parkinson disease. Stem types cells that differentiate into dopamine-producing neurons could be With all the time and money spent on stem-cell research, cell cell H2O transplanted into the brains of Parkinson patients. Parkinson disnoncharged ease is molecules a progressive motor control disorder, triggered by the death of certain neurons in the brain Fig.
It is now possiHeart Stem and effective method of obtaining stem ble to cause stem cells in the laboratory to differentiate into Cells cells to fight specific diseases. For this neurons that produce dopamine.
Further, the 3. Cells Year Award. Finally, transplanted cellsacross mustthe notmembrane, but the net movement will move back and forth Decide Opinion harm the patient. The usual risks of surgery would still be toward the region of lower concentration.
At Your equilibrium, equal pr protein exist for the transplant recipient:numbers damage to healthy 1. How much time and money should be spent on a therapy of particles andtissue, water have crossed in both directions, and there bleeding, infection.
A possible solution was introduced in when Would this money be better spent on therapies that have researchers first developed theOsmosis use of induced pluripotent a higher likelihood of success?
These cells are normal cells of the Figure 3. Water travels across state. In other words, with study toolsmolecules and practice undifferentiated it is now possible Whatconcentration criteria and ethical area of lower concentration. The membrane separates the for stem-cell therapy? By doing to select Parkinson patients Videos. Two different types of movies are integrated into this edition of the text. The ScienCentral videos are short news clips on recent advances in the sciences. The National Geographic videos provide the student with a glimpse of the complexity of life that normally would not be possible in the classroom.
Virtual Labs. Simulated experiments allow students to explore the topics covered in the chapter. Media Study Tools www. Also ask your instructor about the resources available through two areas, and solute is unable to pass through the membrane. It allow allows only accessed November 8, certain Tonicity refers to the osmotic tools, and animations. There- Virtual Lab selectively permeable fore, the plasma membrane is said to be selective Fig.
Small, lipid-soluble molecules, such aas oxygen and carbon dioxide, can pass through the membrane membran easily. The freely cross the small size of water molecules allows them to fr membrane by using protein channels called aq aquaporins. Ions and large molecules cannot cross the membrane without more direct assistance, which will be discussed later. Diffusion is a passive way for molecules to enter or exit a cell.
No ce cellular energy regulate enzyme activity. Certain molecules can freely cross the plasm plasma membrane plasma membrane, by diffusion. The molecules will move in both directions. But the net movement will be from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration, until equilibrium is achieved. At equilibrium, as many molecules of the substance will be entering as leaving the cell Fig.
Oxygen diffuses across the plasma memAnimation Diffusion Through brane, and the net movement is toward Cell Membranes the inside of the cell. Normally, body fluids are isotonic to cells Fig. There is the same concentration of nondiffusible solutes and water on both sides of the plasma membrane. Therefore, cells maintain their normal size and shape.
Intravenous solutions given in medical situations are usually isotonic. Solutions that cause cells to swell or even to burst due to an intake of water are said to be hypotonic.
A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solute and a higher concentration of water than the cells. If red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters the cells. They swell to bursting Fig. Lysis is used to refer to the process of bursting cells. Bursting of red blood cells is termed hemolysis. Solutions that cause cells to shrink or shrivel due to loss of water are said to be hypertonic. A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solute and a lower concentration of water than do the cells.
If red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, water leaves the cells; they shrink Fig. The term crenation refers to red blood cells in this condition. These changes have occurred due to osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure controls water movement in our bodies. For example, in the small and large Animation How Osmosis intestines, osmotic pressure allows us to Works absorb the water in food and drink. In the kidneys, osmotic pressure controls water MP3 absorption as well.
Each case study is accompanied by questions that assist you in integrating the topics into the chapter content. Thinking Critically About the Concepts questions at the end of the chapter also connect the case study to the chapter concepts.
But during her customary 3-mile jogs, she was having an increasingly hard time ignoring the pain in her left knee. She had torn some ligaments in her knee playing intramural and intermural volleyball in college, and it had never quite felt the same. In her 40s, she was able to control the pain by taking over-the-counter medications; but two years ago she had had arthroscopic surgery to remove some torn cartilage and calcium deposits.
Now that the pain was getting worse than before, she knew her best option might be a total knee replacement. Although it sounds drastic, replacing old, arthritic joints with new artificial ones is becoming increasingly routine.
About , artificial knees were installed in U. During the procedure, a surgeon removes bone from the bottom of the femur and the top of the tibia and replaces each with caps made of metal or ceramic, held in place with bone cement. A plastic plate is installed to allow the femur and tibia to move smoothly against each other, and a smaller plate is attached to the kneecap patella so that it can function properly.
The tissues of the system are compact and spongy bone, various types of cartilage, and fibrous connective tissue in the ligaments that hold bones together. Joints are classified according to their degree of movement. Synovial joints are freely movable. What is the role of cartilage in the knee joint? What specific portions of these long bones are being removed during knee replacement? Summarize the process of ossification and list the types of cells involved.
Describe the process of bone remodeling. Explain the steps in the repair of bone. Go to www. Ask your instructor about related quizzes that are available through ConnectTM Biology. Provides a concise preview of the topics covered in each section. Bone is a living tissue that grows, remodels, and repairs itself. In all of these processes, some bone cells break down bone and some repair bone.
A spiral fracture occurs when the break is ragged due to twisting of a bone. The questions designate important topics that you should understand before proceeding into the chapter. NEW Connecting the Concepts Directs you to areas of the textbook that provide additional information on a topic. Many of the Connecting the Concepts features have been designed to enhance your understanding of homeostasis. MP3 Remodeling and Repair Connecting the Concepts For more on bone development and the hormones that influence bone growth, refer to the following discussions.
Section 8. Section Check Your Progress Describe how bone growth occurs during development. Summarize the stages in the repair of bone. The questions progress in difficulty red, yellow, green to ensure you are going beyond memorization of content. Media Study Tools Provides a link to the Human Biology website, which contains practice tests, animations, and videos organized and integrated by chapter to help you succeed in your study of biology.
NEW Virtual Labs Referenced in some chapters, these virtual labs allow you to investigate topics associated with the content of the chapter from a scientific perspective. Summarizing the Concepts Provides an excellent overview of the chapter concepts using concise, bulleted summaries, summary tables, and key illustrations. They learned that the disease is caused by a recessive mutation that limits the production of an enzyme called beta-hexosaminidase A.
This enzyme is loaded into a newly formed lysosome by the Golgi apparatus. Gangliosides play an important role in the early formation of the neurons in the brain. Tay—Sachs disease occurs when the gangliosides overaccumulate in the neurons. Though the prognosis for their child was intially poor— very few children with Tay—Sachs live beyond the age of four, the parents were encouraged to find out what advances in a form of medicine called gene therapy might be able to prolong the life of their child.
In gene therapy, a correct version of the gene is introduced into specific cells in an attempt to regain lost function. Some initial studies using mice as a model had demonstrated an ability to reduce ganglioside concentrations by providing a working version of the gene that produced beta-hexosaminidase A to the neurons of the brain.
Though research was still ongoing, it was a promising piece of information for both Kevin and Mary. Also ask your instructor about the resources available through ConnectPlus, including the media-rich eBook, interactive learning tools, and animations. Summarizing the Concepts hydrophobic tails 3. Between the plasma membrane and the nucleus is the cytoplasm, which contains various organelles.
Organelles in the cytoplasm have specific functions. They fuse with incoming vesicles to digest enclosed material, and they autodigest old cell parts. Cilia and flagella, which contain microtubules, allow a cell to move. Cell junctions connect cells to form tissues and to faciliate communication between cells.
Inside cell electrons transferred by NADH electrons transferred by NADH glucose Glycolysis glucose Citric acid cycle pyruvate Understanding Key Terms actin filament 55 active site 57 active transport 51 aerobic 59 anaerobic 58 cell theory 44 cellular respiration 57 centrosome 55 chromatin 53 chromosome 53 cilium 55 citric acid cycle 58 coenzyme 58 cytoplasm 46 cytoskeleton 55 diffusion 50 electron transport chain 59 endomembrane system 54 endoplasmic reticulum ER 53 eukaryotic cell 46 facilitated transport 51 fermentation 60 flagellum 55 fluid-mosaic model 49 glycolysis 58 Golgi apparatus 54 Lists the boldface terms in the chapter and their page references.
A matching exercise allows you to test your knowledge of the terms. Match the key terms to these definitions. Protein molecules form a shifting pattern within the fluid phospholipid bilayer. Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. The cell will allow some substances to pass through while not permitting others. Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and end products, such as alcohol and lactate.
Metabolic pathways that use energy from carbohydrate, fatty acid, and protein break down to produce ATP molecules. Thinking Critically About the Concepts Questions encourage you to apply what you have learned to the opening case study. See Appendix B for answers. Explain the three key concepts of the cell theory. Which type of microscope would you use to observe the swimming behavior of a flagellated protozoan?
Describe how the eukaryotic cell gained mitochondria and chloroplasts. Invagination of plasma membrane produced what structures in eukaryotic cells not present in prokaryotic cells? How does the organization of the plasma membrane relate to its function?
Each part of a cell plays an important role in the homeostasis of the entire body. What might occur if the cells of the body contained a malfunctioning mitochondria? What would happen to homeostasis if enzymes were no longer produced in the body? DNA fingerprinting requires only a small DNA row three times by the same team of prosecutor and police sample.
This sample can come from blood left at the scene of lab analyst. After 21 years in prison, he was exonerated. The the crime, semen prosecutor misconduct, i e, seme im e n from a rape a case, orr even a sing single le hair rroot! These are can be used to establish paternity and maternity; determine d stretches nationality for immigration purposes; and identify victims of hess of noncoding DNA in our genome that contain repeated a national disaster, such as the terrorist attacks of September ted d DNA sequences.
Most commonly, these repeats are Coloring Organisms Green; four base bases 11, , the tsunamis in Indonesia in , and the earthasee in length; for example, CATG. Thus, chromosome from your mother. When analyzed by electrohapscell everyone should be required to contribute blood to cremoss biologists frequently relycorrespond on dyes to produce enough contrast actin filaments a. Some say,b. The first ing lengths that this would constitute an unreasonable search, which is ngtt on the DNA.
Different people have unique repeat ng of these dyes were developed in the nineteenth century from patterns, unconstitutional. Since a. The jellyfish Aequorea victoria and b. A particular STR pattern on a single chromoidu u then, significant advances have occurred in the development cell.
This illustration shows a human cell tagged with a GFP-labeled some ma may a be shared by a number of people. However, by of cellular stains. Decide Your Opinion y to the actin protein. Tsien, Tsien,, Tsien 1. Would you be willing to provide your DNA for a national can bee de developed for everyone—unless you share your DNA e and Osamu Shimomura—earned the Nobel Prize in ChemisOsaa try orr Medicine for their work with a protein called green fluoM develop it as a molecular tag.
These tags can be generated for rescent or GFP. GFP is a bioluminescent protein found nt protein, pr almost any protein within the cell, revealing not only its celin thee jellyfi sh Aequorea victoria, commonly called the crystal jee lular location but also how its distribution within the cell may jelly.
Thee crystal jelly is a native of the West Coast of the United change as a result of a response to its environment. Figure 3A States. However, when s. Normally, N shows how a GFP-labeled antibody can be used to identify Pursuing Youthful Skin disturbed, rbee special cells in the jellyfish release a fluorescent prothe cellular location of the actin proteins in a human cell.
Actin tein called Aequorin fl uoresces with a green color. This imare willing to spend lavishly a youthfulwere appearance. Over able to isolate fluorescent protein from the jellyfi sh and i age shows the distribution of actin in a human cell. But how safe and effective are these treatments? Biology Matters Science Focus Biology Matters Health Focus The Biology Matters readings in the twelfth edition collectively put the chapter concepts in the context of modern-day issues: Health Focus readings review procedures and technology that can contribute to your well being.
Science Focus readings describe how experimentation and observations have contributed to our knowledge about the living world. Bioethical Focus readings describe modern situations that call for value judgments and challenge you to develop a point of view. Historical Focus readings help you better understand how the study of biology has evolved over time.
Botox Botox is a drug used to reduce the appearance of facial wrinkles and lines. Botox Botox is the registered regis eg ter tered ed trade trad radee name for or a deri der vative of botulinum botulinu botu inum m toxin toxin A, a protein protei pr otein n toxi toxin n produced produc pr oduced ed by the Figure F Fi gure gur e 4C 4C TTanning anning anni ng can can damag d damage amage sk skin in perma p permanently.
Tanning Tannin anning g between muscles, causing paralysis. Botox treatments x tr treatm eatments ents wer weree appr approved oved by the U. The mal facial muscle movement. However, treatment not acial aci al m muscl usc e moveme mo vement. Excessive drooling around out side ef effect ffects.. Botox Bo x tr treatm eatment, importan rtantt for the pr proced ocedur uree of freent, it is impo Spreading injection ading adi ng off Botox Boto x from from the inje injectio site may scientists also lso para paralyze lyze a responsibilresearch subjects.
As tion professionals, have performed facility licensed physician. In a few cases, case s, muscle musc le to design moral and ethical research. Unfortunately, as with pain and have resulted. Though an weakness weakall nes res esulted. Josef Mengele, the handsome were poor, mostly illiterate, sharecropper farmers. Some were about available treatment options. While they participated in the also stained by misconduct.
One notorious example of unethical study, the men were offered medical exams, transportation to research involving human subjects began in the United States in and from clinics, treatments for other ailments, food, and money and continued until This research was carried out by for their burial expenses if necessary.
Investigators wished to study When the study first began, there were few available treat- Biology Matters Historical Focus Connections and Misconceptions What causes meningitis? Connections and Misconceptions This unique feature presents the types of spontaneous inquiries that you may have as you study the workings of the human body.
Questions and answers can be serious or funny, but each will capture your attention. Meningitis is caused by an infection of the meninges by either a virus or a bacterium. Viral meningitis is less severe than bacterial meningitis, which in some cases can result in brain damage and death.
Bacterial meningitis is usually caused by one of three species of bacteria: Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib , Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Vaccines are available for Hib bacteria and some forms of S. The Centers for Disease Control CDC recommend that individuals between the ages of 11 and 18 be vaccinated against bacterial meningitis.
Sperm makes its way through the corona radiata. Control center 5 0 60 70 sperm sends data to thermostat corona radiata 4. Sperm nucleus enters cytoplasm of oocyte. Cortical granules release enzymes; zona pellucida becomes fertilization membrane. Sperm binds to and fuses with oocyte plasma membrane. Acrosomal enzymes digest a portion of zona pellucida.
Sperm and egg pronuclei are enclosed in a nuclear envelope. The systems listed here in particular also work with these two systems. Hormones regulate blood glucose and ion levels. Growth factors promote blood cell formation. Blood vessels transport hormones to target cells. Nervous and Endocrine Systems The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate the activities of the other systems.
The brain receives sensory input and controls the activity of muscles and various glands. The endocrine system secretes hormones that influence the metabolism of cells, the growth and development of body parts, and homeostasis. Respiratory System The respiratory center in the brain regulates the breathing rate.
The lungs carry on gas exchange for the benefit of all systems, including the nervous and endocrine systems. Urinary System Nerves stimulate muscles that permit urination.
Hormones ADH and aldosterone help kidneys regulate the water—salt balance and the acid—base balance of the blood. Reproductive System Nerves stimulate contractions that move gametes in ducts, and uterine contraction that occurs during childbirth. Sex hormones influence the development of the secondary sex characteristics. Proven online content integrates seamlessly with our adaptive technology, and helps build student confidence outside of the classroom. Available within Connect, SmartBook 2.
SmartBook 2. With the ReadAnywhere mobile app, students can now read and complete SmartBook 2. For instructors, SmartBook 2.
Creating accessible products is a priority for McGraw-Hill. We have put in place processes to make accessibility and meeting the WCAG AA guidelines part of our day-to-day development efforts and product roadmaps. Please review our accessibility information for this specific product. McGraw-Hill sites may contain links to websites owned and operated by third parties. McGraw-Hill has no control over and is not responsible for the content or accessibility of any linked website.
After completing your transaction, you can access your course using the section url supplied by your instructor. Skip to main content x Sign In. Lowest Price. Rent now. Listing page for eBook Subscription Program. Your monthly rental cart is already full.
Click continue to view and update your selected titles. Back Continue. Rent or purchase for a fraction of the printed textbook price Easily highlight, take notes and search Download the free ReadAnywhere App for offline access and anytime reading Watch a quick video to learn more Note: the eBook does not include access to Connect.
If your instructor assigned Connect, click the "Digital" tab. Rent for a fraction of the printed textbook price Rental transaction occurs through McGraw Hill's authorized rental partner.
Purchase un-bound 3-ring binder ready textbook Flexibility and ease of selecting chapters to take where you want to go What are my shipping options? Personalize your learning, save time completing homework, and possibly earn a better grade Access to eBook, homework and adaptive assignments, videos, and study resources Download free ReadAnywhere App for offline access to eBook for anytime reading Connect may be assigned as part of your grade.
Check with your instructor to see if Connect is used in your course. Program Details. Michael Windelspecht Michael Windelspecht has taught introductory biology, genetics, and human genetics in the online, traditional, and hybrid formats at community colleges, universities, and military institutions.
McGraw Hill has no control over and is not responsible for the content or accessibility of any linked website. After completing your transaction, you can access your course using the section url supplied by your instructor. Skip to main content x Sign In. The book, which centers on the evolution and diversity of organisms, is appropriate for any one-or two-semester biology course.
Biology uses concise, precise writing to present the material as succinctly as possible, enabling students--even non-majors--to master the foundational concepts before coming to class. Lowest Price. Rent now. Listing page for eBook Subscription Program. Your monthly rental cart is already full. Click continue to view and update your selected titles. Back Continue. Rent or purchase for a fraction of the printed textbook price Easily highlight, take notes and search Download the free ReadAnywhere App for offline access and anytime reading Watch a quick video to learn more Note: the eBook does not include access to Connect.
If your instructor assigned Connect, click the "Digital" tab. Rent for a fraction of the printed textbook price Rental transaction occurs through McGraw Hill's authorized rental partner.
Purchase un-bound 3-ring binder ready textbook Flexibility and ease of selecting chapters to take where you want to go What are my shipping options?
Personalize your learning, save time completing homework, and possibly earn a better grade Access to eBook, homework and adaptive assignments, videos, and study resources Download free ReadAnywhere App for offline access to eBook for anytime reading Connect may be assigned as part of your grade.
Check with your instructor to see if Connect is used in your course. Program Details. Michael Windelspecht Michael Windelspecht has taught introductory biology, genetics, and human genetics in the online, traditional, and hybrid formats at community colleges, universities, and military institutions.
Affordability Find out more about our affordable course material programs. Want more information? Our Learning Technology Representatives can help.
Learn more. How to Access Instructor Tools for your Course. Your text has great instructor tools — like presentation slides, instructor manuals, test banks and more. Follow the steps below to access your instructor resources or watch the step-by-step video.
0コメント